The role of osteomorphogenetic proteins in posttraumatic regeneration of the bones

Abstract

Introduction. Certain cells participate in the process of physiological and reparative (posttraumatic) regeneration: osteoprogenic cells - osteogenic stem cell, presteoblasts, osteoblasts. Likewise osteoclasts are involved in the remodeling process of the bones. The activity and interaction of osteogenic cells in the bone regeneration process is controlled by numerous growth factors named as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). It has now been demonstrated that these morphogenetic signals organize the structure of all organs, including bones, and the disruption of their functioning leads to different pathologies. Thus, discordance in the activity of these protein-signals may be the cause of tumor growth (e.g., rectal, esophageal cancer). BMPs play a decisive role in the regeneration and organization of the bone. Aim of the study. Bibliographic analysis of the role of stimulatory factors in osteogenesis. Materials and methods. Currently PMs obtained by the use of gene engineering method are used in regenerative medicine, including stimulation of post-traumatic bone regeneration. The method consists of inoculating BMP into the bone implant, from where they penetrate to the fracture site during several weeks. Clinical use of the osteomorphogenic protein products is now accepted for the acceleration of fractured bones fragments - Infuse BMP-2 (Medtronic) in dentistry and OP-1 BMP-7 (Stryker Biotech) in long bone fractures. BMPs are used in the recovery of intervertebral cartilage. The broad implementation of BMP is only retained by the expensive costs of the therapy – the standard cure can cost 6000-10,000 $. Results. Nowadays about 20 osteomorphogenic proteins are known, and the following are directly involved in osteogenesis: BMP1 - metalloprotease - acts on procollagen I, II, II and participates in the cartilage genesis; BMP2 - plays a role in differentiation of osteoblasts and genesis of cartilages and bones; BMP3 - stimulates bone formation; BMP4 - regulates the formation of teeth; BMP5 - has a role in cartilage development; BMP6 - controls homeostasis by regulating hepcidin synthesis; BMP7 - plays a main role in the differentiation of osteoblasts and stimulates SMAD1 formation; BMP8a - participates in the development of the cartilages and bones. Conclusions. Osteomorphogenic proteins present important factors in the cartilage and bone genesis and open a real clinical perspective regarding the acceleration of post-traumatic bone regeneration.