Dental number anomalies

Abstract

Introduction. Dental number anomalies are a part of dental system anomalies, represented by hypodontics and hyperdontics. Dental number anomalies are one of the most important problems of dentistry, because the frequency of patients with these pathologies continues to rise up. Hypodontia is a congenital absence of teeth,whereas hyperdontia is defined as an excessive quantity of teeth in dental arches in temporary or permanent dentition. All the symptoms find its manifestation at the occlusal-articular level and influence the physiognomy, phonetics and mental health of the patient. Aim of study. To study the etiology, frequency and clinical manifestations of dental number anomalies. Methods and materials. The study is based on the analysis of a group of patients suspected of having a dental anomaly between 5 and18 years old. Collected personal data were recorded in an observation sheet, followed by the clinical examination and the results of biometric analysis and a model study. The panoramic radiography confirmed the diagnosis of hypodontia or hyperdontia. Results. According to the results of the panoramic radiography, 7 patients with hyperdontia were confirmed in both jaws, the most common supernumerary tooth was mesiodense. The gender ratio is 1,33:1 for boys.10 patients were diagnosed with hypodontia, located in the jaw; the most commonly missing teeth were the second upper lateral incisors, followed by the second upper premolar; the gender ratio was 2.3:1 for girls. In 3 patients there was detected a delay of tooth eruption. Out of the total number of patients 41.17%, the dental anomaly of number is inherited from parents and 29.41% were associated with other dento-maxillary anomalies. The model study determined that in 35% of patients the length and the width of the upper dental arch was reduced, and in 40% of patients the edentulous spaces were displaced due to dental migration creating several interdental spaces. Conclusion. The resulting data indicate that there is a gender difference in the prevalence of hypodontia and hyperdontia. The etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic regulation and environmental factors. If it is not solved in time, the pathology will develop much more severely in the permanent dentition. Thus, prophylaxis and predicting methods of number anomalies are essential in dentistry.