Stem cell transplantation in infertility treatment: new perspectives in regenerative medicine

Abstract

Background. Female infertility is a multifactorial condition caused by factors such as ovarian dysfunction, endometrial disorders, hormonal imbalances, and age-related decline in reproductive potential. Stem cell transplantation offers a promising approach to regenerate reproductive tissues, restore ovarian function, and enhance endometrial receptivity. Objective of the study. To evaluate the potential of stem cell transplantation in treating female infertility and identify the mechanisms by which stem cells promote tissue regeneration and fertility restoration. Material and Methods. This study synthesizes literature from articles published between 2020-2025, selected from PubMed, NCBI and MPDI. Results. Stem cell therapies, especially for ovarian and endometrial dysfunction, show significant promise. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into germ cells, offering infertility solutions, but their use is limited by ethical concerns. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into gametes, showing potential for fertility restoration, although their clinical use is restricted by genomic instability. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), particularly from bone marrow and menstrual blood, have demonstrated therapeutic potential in treating ovarian failure and endometrial dysfunction. These cells aid in tissue repair, restore hormonal function, and promote angiogenesis. Studies in animals show improvement in ovarian function, endometrial thickness, and egg development. Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) regenerate oocytes and prevent follicular atresia. Amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AmDMSCs) support ovarian recovery by reducing apoptosis and enhancing granulosa cell proliferation. Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDMSCs) improve folliculogenesis through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADMSCs) enhance ovarian function through neovascularization. Ovarian stem cells (OSCs) hold promise for fertility restoration in cases of premature ovarian failure. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have been used experimentally to restore male fertility, especially after chemotherapy-induced infertility. Conclusion. Stem cell-based therapies offer significant potential for treating female infertility, particularly in ovarian and endometrial dysfunctions. Further research is needed to optimize protocols, address risks like immune rejection and tumor formation, and confirm clinical safety and efficacy.