Trends in the development of tissue grafts for biomedical applications

Abstract

Introduction. Bone defects can occur as a result of trauma, infection, tumor, or extensive surgery. Graft-assisted bone regeneration is an evolving field, with trends aimed at optimizing biocompatibility, accelerating osseointegration, and reducing postoperative risks. New approaches focus on the use of advanced biomaterials, cell therapies, and tissue bioengineering to improve clinical outcomes by providing osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic capacity. Aim. The purpose of the study was to review the specialized literature to establish the optimal methods and conditions for obtaining tissue grafts with commercial potential. Materials and Methods. The bibliographic analysis consisted of reviewing publications from 2010- 2025 in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases to find studies that compare the clinical effects of different commercial grafts obtained by various methods and mineralization conditions. Results. Commercial grafts for the restoration of bone defects represent a viable solution in orthopedics, traumatology and maxillofacial surgery. The choice of the optimal type of graft depends on the size of the defect, the patient's condition and the therapeutic objectives. Thus, some grafts may be more suitable for situations where both osteoinduction and osteoconduction are required, while some grafts may require combinations with other materials for optimal integration. Conclusions: Bone regeneration depends on the mineralization method that must be personalized according to the type of bone defect and the clinical needs of the patient.