Risk factors for chronic kidney disease: a contemporary perspective

Abstract

Background. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major global health challenge, with recent epidemiological studies demonstrating increasing prevalence worldwide. This review synthesizes current evidence on CKD risk factors based on literature published within the last decade. Objective(s). Analyze CKD risk factors to enhance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Review 2020-2024 data on modifiable risks and innovative therapies to optimize clinical guidelines. Materials and methods. We used the PubMed database and conducted a literature search over the past 10 years. From the results, we selected some better the most relevant studies, analyzed them, and obtained the following. Results. The KDIGO 2023 guidelines highlight diabetes and hypertension as leading causes of CKD responsible for 60–70% of global cases. Obesity (BMI ≥30) increases CKD risk by 23% (OR 1.23) and emerging therapies like SGLT2 inhibitors show significant nephroprotective effects, slowing progression and reducing albuminuria. Chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with faster kidney function decline with eGFR decreasing by -1.87 mL/min/year. Additionally recent studies indicate that COVID-19 may accelerate CKD progression (HR 1.35) possibly due to direct viral injury inflammation and long-term renal sequelae. Conclusion(s). Contemporary studies emphasize the urgent need for broader CKD screening and tailored prevention. Addressing both traditional and emerging risks like obesity, air pollution, and post-COVID effects require personalized, multidisciplinary, and proactive healthcare strategies.