http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31272 Sun, 12 Apr 2026 12:06:42 GMT 2026-04-12T12:06:42Z http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31435 Anatomy of ileocecal junction in prefetal period of ontogenesis Kryvetskiy, V.V.; Proniaiev, D.V.; Antoniuc, O.P.; Yemelianenco, N.R. Introduction Modern medicine requires accurate information about age-related anatomical variability of human organs and systems. The influence of perinatal disorders on the development of systemic diseases of internal organs in children is well known. A significant rate of developmental disorders occurs in the large intestine, particularly in the ileocecal segment. The aim of the study To study the formation, structure and specific features of the ileocecal segment and adjacent anatomical structures in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis. Material and methods The study was conducted on 25 preparations of human embryos. The work combined the complexes of modern and classic morphological and morphostatistical methods with an assessment of the reliability of the results obtained, which involves the production and study of a series of consecutive histological and topographic-anatomical sections, morphometry, three-dimensional computer reconstruction. Results of research Significant changes in the morphology of the intestinal wall were observed in 7-week-old embryos: epithelial cells lost their connection with the basal membrane, recanalization of the intestinal lumen was observed, but the epithelium retained its stratification, “epithelial membranes” were formed. This period of development can be considered critical, since under the possible influence of teratogenic factors, the process of restoration of the lumen may be disturbed, which will subsequently lead to atresia of the proximal and/ or distal parts of the intestine. At the end of the 8th week of development, a change in the topography of the large intestine was observed in the cranial part of the intestine, which becomed more curved, and from the sagittal plane it turned almost horizontally under the visceral surface of the liver. In fetuses of the 9th week of development (31.0-41.0 mm PCL), the dimensions of the lateral protrusion of the enlarged intestine change: its length was 3220±40 μm, and its width was 2000±10 μm. The proximal part of the lateral protrusion had a cone–like shape, the distal part was cylindrical. The vermiform appendix was a continuation of the primary cecum, its base can have a variety of positions in a newborn. If the lower end of the cecum is directed laterally, then the beginning of the appendix is on its lateral surface and may be adjacent to the kidney and/or liver. Conclusions 1. We appropriate to consider the seventh weeks of intrauterine development as a critical period, due to the significant intensity of morphological changes in its structural components: recanalization of the lumen, the laying of villi and the circular muscle layer of the intestine, the disappearance of the physiological hernia. 2. Visually, the segment of the transition of the small intestine into the large intestine appears in the eighth weeks of intrauterine development. 3. According to our observations, it is the ileocecal segment of the intestine that leaves the physiological hernia last. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31435 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31434 Modern trends in preclinical education at the Medical Universities of the former Soviet Union Republics Kapitonova, M.Y.; Dydykin, S.S.; Udochkina, L.A.; Fedorova, O.V. Background Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, its former republics have undergone significant changes in their educational systems. Among these reforms, the introduction of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) was one of the most notable projects aimed at modernizing the curriculum and developing teamwork skills, critical thinking, and creativity. Many medical universities accepted the idea of transitioning from classical methods of teaching and learning to learner-centered technologies, but in reality, it became quite challenging. In this article, we present updates on the transition from traditional to integrated curricula in the medical universities of post-Soviet countries and analyze the reasons for their success or failure. Material and methods The search was conducted in May 2025 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, encompassing all publications in English and Russian, regardless of publication date or country of origin. We also considered the opinions of our colleagues from universities in post-Soviet countries, which they shared at international morphological congresses starting in 2014. Results Most of the medical universities of the former Soviet republics still implement traditional Flexner-inspired curriculum with subject-based approaches and viva examinations conducted independently by preclinical departments. The most successful examples of the introduction of PBL and integrated curriculum are emphasized. Conclusions The power of educational traditions is very high in the medical universities of the post-Soviet space; however, there are ways to overcome this using the experience of successful implementations of integrated curricula and problem-based learning in several universities of the former Soviet Union republics. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31434 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31423 Anatomical considerations regarding the coronary arterial ostia Ispas, Viorel; Mitran, Loredana; Ispas, Sorina; Rusali, Andrei Constantin; Bordei, Petru Introduction Coronary artery disease remains one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders worldwide and continues to represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Its incidence varies between 15 and 200 per 100,000 individuals, with an overall prevalence of approximately 2.5% in the general population. The burden increases substantially with age and sex, affecting up to 15% of men between 50 and 70 years. Detailed knowledge of coronary artery anatomy, including the morphology of the coronary ostia, is essential for both diagnostic assessment and surgical or interventional procedures. Material and methods The present study evaluated the morphological characteristics of the coronary ostia in 288 cases. Particular attention was given to the topographic position relative to the aortic valve margin, as well as to the shape and dimensions of the ostia. The left coronary ostium was situated above the valvular margin in 68% of cases, whereas the right coronary ostium presented this location in 56% of cases. Results In terms of morphology, the left coronary ostium was most frequently oval (72%), with the larger diameter ranging between 4.8–7.6 mm and the smaller diameter between 4.6–6.3 mm. The right coronary ostium also exhibited a predominance of the oval shape (78%), with the larger diameter measuring 3.1–4.4 mm and the smaller diameter 2.5–3.3 mm. An anatomical variation consisting of three coronary ostia was identified in 8 cases (2.78%). Conclusion A thorough understanding of the location, shape, and dimensions of the coronary ostia is crucial for optimizing surgical planning and improving outcomes in coronary revascularization procedures. These anatomical parameters directly influence graft selection and surgical strategy, thereby contributing to the long-term success of CABG. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31423 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31421 Morphological findings of the origin of the common iliac arteries Ionescu, Constantin; Niţu, Radu; Tobă, Marius; Rusali, Andrei Constantin; Bordei, Petru Introduction The origin of the common iliac arteries (AaIC) corresponds to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta in the termino-aortic region. This origin is consistently prevertebral, but may present as either a high or a low bifurcation. Material and methods Our study was conducted on 232 cases: 52 dissections, 28 plastic injections, 12 Doppler ultrasounds, 44 conventional angiographies, and 96 CT angiographies (2D and 3D reconstructions). Results The origin of the AaIC was found between the lower half of vertebra L3 and the lower half of vertebra L5. With respect to the mid-vertebral line, in 53.19% of cases the origin was located to the left of the midline. In relation to the formation of the inferior vena cava (IVC), the AaIC origin was situated above the IVC in 71.05% of cases. The caliber of the right AaIC ranged between 8.4–14.8 mm, while that of the left AaIC ranged between 7.7–14.7 mm. The subiliac angle measured 19.8–75.9°, the right aorto-iliac angle 129.3–174°, and the left aorto-iliac angle 139.5–179.7°. The medio-iliac angle ranged from 7.5–41.4°. Conclusions Although often regarded as simple passage vessels, the common iliac arteries possess considerable morphophysiological and clinical significance. Alterations in their structure or function can lead to disorders in the dependent territories, frequently requiring medical—most often surgical–intervention. Key words: origin of AaIC-morphological findings. Abbreviations AoA: abdominal aorta; AaIC: common iliac arteries; AIC: common iliac artery; AIC dr: right common iliac artery; AIC st: left common iliac artery; disc iv: intervertebral disc; VCI: inferior vena cava. Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://repository.usmf.md:80/xmlui/handle/20.500.12710/31421 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z