Screening methods for early detection of colorectal cancers and polyps

Abstract

Introduction: According to a report by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in 2019 around 18.1 million new cases of cancer were recorded worldwide. In Russia due to the underdevelopment of early diagnosis, the detection of cancer often happens too late, only in the 3rd and 4th stages. In Russia the incidence of colorectal cancer is increasing. In the structure of malignant tumors, colorectal cancer is the 3rd in terms of incidence and 2nd in mortality. CRC ranks second in mortality from malignant neoplasms among men and women. Most often, CRC arises from colon adenomas, and in some cases in patients with hereditary polyposis syndromes. Methods and materials: Screening takes place in the overall program, which includes: primary prevention (diet, lifestyle), timely examination with the use of colonoscopy (where available and corresponds to the level of the screening program) in patients with positive screening results and timely treatment (polypectomy, surgery). Results: Modern screening centers should have devices with the maximum resolution (electronic endoscopy in HD format). For more clear details and more accurate differentiation of the tumor, virtual chromography allows to detect blood vessels and other tissue structures in the narrow-spectrum zone without the application of dyes. The zoom-endoscopy method is based on a change in the focal distance between the lenses at the distal end of the device. Conclusions: Modern treatment of colon tumors includes: CSP (Cold snare polypectomy), HSP (Hot snare polypectomy), EMR (Endoscopic mucosal resection), ESD (Endoscopic submucosal dissection), FTRD (Full-thickness resection). Every year In Oncology Dispensary of Leningrad Regional, more than 10 thousand outpatient examinations and more than 400 endoscopic inpatient operations are performed.