Stem cells in regenerative dentistry: actualities and future directions

Abstract

Introduction. Stem cells are pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into various specialized cell types, making them a promising tool in regenerative dentistry. Their potential to regenerate different parts of the teeth, such as pulp, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, presents a biological alternative to traditional dental treatments. Materials and Methods. This paper is based on a literature review of regenerative medicine. We used Google Scholar, PubMed, and other relevant databases to identify relevant documents about the reconstruction of the teeth using stem cells. Out of 47 articles were selected 20 published within the last 10 years. Results. Stem cells used in regenerative dentistry include dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). These cells are isolated via enzymatic digestion of dental tissues and cultured in specific media containing growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) for expansion. To induce differentiation, DPSCs are cultured in mineralizing media for odontogenesis, while PDLSCs are treated with factors like transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) to stimulate periodontal regeneration. Biomaterial scaffolds, such as hydroxyapatite and collagen, are used to support cell attachment and tissue formation. Animal models, including rodents and large mammals, are employed to test the regenerative potential of stem cells in vivo, using histological analysis and molecular assays to assess tissue integration, differentiation, and marker expression. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the successful regeneration of dental tissues. DPSCs have been shown to differentiate into odontoblast-like cells and form dentin-like structures, facilitating pulp regeneration. PDLSCs have been used to regenerate periodontal tissues, including alveolar bone and ligament fibers when combined with scaffolds. Early clinical trials also indicate favorable outcomes in periodontal regeneration, with improved tissue healing and function. Conclusion. Stem cell-based therapies in regenerative dentistry hold significant potential for tissue restoration, providing a biological solution for dental tissue loss. While preclinical results are promising, further refinement of cell differentiation protocols, scaffold design, and clinical trials is necessary to establish standardized and effective therapies for broader clinical use.