NEUROLIPIDOMICA ŞI BOLILE NEURODEGENERATIVE -PROVOCĂRI ŞI OPORTUNITĂŢI

Abstract

Introducere. Bolile neurodegenerative, precum Alzheimer, Parkinson şi Huntington, au fost asociate cu deteriorarea progresivă a funcţiei sistemului nervos central. Neurolipid-omica a fost identificată ca o ramură emergentă a ştiinţelor omice, prin care a fost posibilă studierea compoziţiei lipidelor cerebrale. Scop. Evaluarea provocărilor din domeniul neurolipidomicii pentru identificarea potenţialului biomarkerilor lipidomici utilizaţi în diagnosticul şi monitorizarea bolilor neurodegenerative. Material şi metode. S-a realizat o sinteză a literaturii medicale din bazele electronice PubMed, NCBI şi Google Scholar în perioada 20142024. Au fost selectate studii clinice şi preclinice ce au utilizat tehnici moderne, precum spectrometria de masă şi cromatografia lichidă. Au fost analizate profilul lipidelor cerebrale şi expresia biomarkerilor lipidomici. Rezultate. În boala Alzheimer, au fost identificate niveluri crescute de acid cerotic (26:0), corelate cu scăderea concentraţiei de fosfatidilserină cerebrală sub 45 nmol/g. În boala Parkinson, s-au constatat valori crescute ale gangliozidelor GM3 până la 7,5 pg/g, asociate concomitent cu diminuarea colesterolului total sub 20 mg/dL. În cazul bolii Huntington, a fost remarcată o reducere a acidului docosahexaenoic (22:6) sub 30 nmol/g. Toţi aceşti indicatori lipidomici au fost consideraţi biomarkeri relevanţi pentru diagnosticul şi monitorizarea bolilor neurodegenerative, fiind încadraţi în perspectiva tratamentelor personalizate emergente. Concluzii. Ipoteza de cercetare a fost confirmată de rezultatele obţinute, fiind relevat că profilul lipidomic cerebral a fost identificat ca sursă potenţială de biomarkeri pentru detectarea precoce a bolilor neurodegenerative şi apreciat ca având valoare pentru dezvoltarea viitoarelor terapii personalizate.

Introduction. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, were associated with progressive impairment of central nervous system function. Neurolipidomics was identified as an emerging branch of omics sciences through which the cerebral lipid profile was studied. Objective. The challenges in the field of neurolipidomics were evaluated for the identification of potential lipidomic biomarkers used in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases. Material and methods. A synthesis of medical literature from the electronic databases PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar was conducted (2014-2024). Clinical and preclinical studies employing modern techniques, such as mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography, were selected. The cerebral lipid profile and the expression of lipidomic biomarkers were analyzed. Results. In Alzheimer’s disease, elevated levels of cerotic acid (26:0) were identified, correlated with decreased cerebral phosphatidylserine concentration below 45 nmol/g. In Parkinson’s disease, GM3 ganglioside levels reached up to 7.5 pg/g, concomitantly associated with a reduction in total cholesterol under 20 mg/ dL. In Huntington’s disease, a reduction in docosahexaeno-ic acid levels (22:6) below 30 nmol/g was noted. All these lipidomic indicators were considered relevant biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases, being integrated into the framework of emerging personalized therapeutic approaches. Conclusion. The research hypothesis was confirmed by the obtained results, revealing that the cerebral lipidomic profile was identified as a potential source of biomarkers for the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases and was considered valuable for the development of future personalized therapies.