Metagenomics at the interface of diagnostics and surveillance: a near-term perspective

Abstract

Introduction The global landscape of infectious diseases is undergoing rapid and profound change. Increased human mobility, climate-driven shifts in vector ecology, intensified human-animal-environment interactions, and geopolitical instability have collectively amplified the risk of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. At the same time, public health systems are increasingly confronted with pathogens that are unexpected, genetically diverse, or poorly represented in existing diagnostic panels. These developments highlight the growing limitations of exclusively targeted diagnostic approaches and underscore the need for broader, more adaptive tools. In this context, metagenomic sequencing has emerged as a transformative technology. By enabling unbiased detection and genomic characterization of pathogens directly from clinical, environmental, or animal samples, metagenomics offers capabilities that extend far beyond conventional diagnostics. While historically confined to research and outbreak investigations, metagenomics is now approaching a level of maturity that warrants serious consideration for integration into routine diagnostics and risk-oriented surveillance frameworks.