Towards universal medical drug delivery in human organism: the role of nanoparticles as universal molecular transporters

Abstract

Background. Nanoparticles (NPs) could have different sizes, shapes, physico-chemical properties, and lastly but not least molecular composition, and complexity. There are known organic, and inorganic NPs, both have their advantages, and downsides considering their pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. Objective(s). To revise the particularities, feasibility of application, and clinical aspects of the nanoparticles as medical drug delivery vehicles for different classes of compounds. Materials and methods. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, medRxiv, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. There were critically revised 58 scientific papers that underwent inclusion/exclusion criteria, outlined being the details that have been regarded the goal of this study. Results. Organic nanoparticles (NPs) are briefly regarded as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, nanogels, and polymeric NPs. Their main advantages are minimalist production requirements, natural assembly pattern, and high clearance rate although they are regarded as highly immunogenic materials. Inorganic NPs are carbon-based, metal, ceramic, lipidbased, semiconductor, or polymeric NPs. Some of them yield paramagnetic properties, and many other key characteristics that could employ them to become the future wide-spread NPs in the clinical field. Some of them can even be assembled using radioisotopes. Conclusion(s). Nanoparticles represent an augmentation of the contemporary pharmacological drugs; they may both increase the efficiency of the active compounds and sometimes lead to a higher adverse reaction array. Some of them may exert agonist effects with the delivered medical drugs.