Gestational diabetes – predisposing factor in fetal macrosomia

Abstract

Introduction. Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM) is characterized as glucose intolerance of varying degrees, first recognized during pregnancy. GDM pregnancy rates are up to 3-fold higher to give birth to a macrosomical infant (>4000g). Fetal macrosomy involves a number of complications, making it an undeniable issue. Purpose. It was performed a literature review in order to highlight the significance of the Gestational Diabetes in Fetal Macrosomia prognosis outcome. Material and methods: There were used “PubMed MEDLINE” database to select relevant full-text original articles published from 2015 till 2020, using a search formula “Fetal Macrosomia in Gestational Diabetes”, review articles, as well as non-human studies were excluded. According to research criteria, there were retrieved 195 full-text, clinical trial articles. Results. Fetal macrosomia occurs with increased frequency among diabetic mothers in general, even when normoglycemia is maintained. The rate of FM in the Republic of Moldova is 5% and tends to rise by each year. These newborns showed an increased rate of glucose metabolism disorders and fearful complications like asphyxia, hypoxemia, even leading to intrauterine death. Conclusions. Gestational diabetes causes high blood sugar that can affect both pregnancy and baby's health. An optimal regulation of glycaemia (by diet or insulin) in pregnant women has fundamental importance for the prevention of diabetic complications during pregnancy. The main problems of diabetic pregnancies are congenital anomalies as well as neonatal complications.