Introduction. The mandibular canal is one of the main anatomical structures, representing the key point of the functionality and vitality of the mandibular anatomical elements. For oral-maxillo-facial practice, the topographic ...

Introduction. The skin is vital, ensuring homeostasis and defending against environmental threats. Its complex functions regulate water balance, temperature, and facilitate signal perception. Additionally, it plays a crucial ...

Introduction. The first documented bone transplant took place in 1686 by a Dutch surgeon, Job van Meekeren, when he used dog cranium to repair a soldier’s skull defect. Today, more than two million bone transplants are ...

Introduction. Boerhaave syndrome is a rare yet dangerous condition and one of the most lethal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract marked by transmural esophageal perforation. It is often preceded by forceful vomiting. ...

Introduction. Chronic apical periodontitis presents destructive periapical lesions of a varied extent, occurring in areas of a minor but long-lasting infection, often leading to the development of fistulas in places of low ...

Introduction. Aortic stenosis (AS) is a valvular heart disease commonly found in the elderly patients and frequently is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), sharing multiple risk factors and common pathophysiological ...

Introduction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are pluripotent cell types derived from mesenchyme able to differentiate and proliferate into a variety of tissues. Exosomes derived from MSC exhibit a round morphology (40-160 ...

Introduction. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS) represents, in 16-38% of cases, a clinical triad of confusion, ataxia and nystagmus. Conceptualized as two distinct syndromes, 85% of survivors of the untreated acute phase ...

Introduction. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity or drug-induced renal disease (DRID) is a common clinical problem. It has been reported that the incidence of drug-induced renal disease in adults can range from 14-26% to 66% ...

Introduction. Cancer is the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. According to the World Cancer Research Fund an estimated 40% of all human cancers are related to diet. Although a large variety of therapeutic ...