Diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome

Abstract

Background. Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the inflammation and dysfunction of the exocrine glands, primarily affecting the salivary and lacrimal glands. The disease may also affect other parts of the body, including the joints, skin, and organs. Early and accurate diagnosis of SS is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and providing appropriate management strategies. Objective of the study. The objective of this study is to enhance understanding of the diagnostic strategies employed in SS, focusing on the assessment of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging techniques. Materials and Methods. Were selected and analyzed dates from the scientific literature using databases such as PubMed, NIH, during 2010-2022. Results. Diagnosis of SS involves a combination of clinical evaluation, serological markers, and imaging studies. Key clinical features include dry eyes, dry mouth, and systemic symptoms such as fatigue and joint pain. Laboratory tests play a vital role in confirming the diagnosis, with the detection of specific autoantibodies such as anti-SSA (Ro) and anti-SSB (La) being highly indicative of SS. Additionally, salivary gland biopsy can be performed to evaluate glandular inflammation and lymphocytic infiltration. Imaging techniques, such as salivary scintigraphy or ultrasound, may aid in assessing glandular function and structural abnormalities. Conclusion. A comprehensive evaluation, including clinical assessment, serological markers, and imaging studies, enables healthcare providers to establish the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome. Further research and advancements in diagnostic techniques may enhance the prehospital diagnosis of SS, leading to better patient care and outcomes.