Tratarea apelor reziduale pentru combaterea răspândirii antibioticorezistenţei în ţările în curs de dezvoltare: status quo

Abstract

Introducere. Rezistenţa la antimicrobiene este o criză globală ce afectează sănătatea umană, sănătatea animală şi sănătatea mediului. Această problemă de sănătate publică este amplificată de deversarea apelor reziduale, în special a celor spitaliceşti, insuficient tratate, care răspândesc patogeni şi gene de rezistenţă. Scop. Realizarea unui review al literaturii pentru determinarea metodelor eficiente de tratare a apelor, accesibile ţărilor în curs de dezvoltare, în vederea eliminării agenţilor patogeni multirezistenţi. Material şi metode. A fost efectuată o căutare în SCOPUS, PubMed şi Google Scholar folosind

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance is a global crisis affecting human health, animal health and environmental health. This public health problem is exacerbated by the discharge of inadequately treated wastewater, especially hospital wastewater, which is loaded with pathogens and resistance genes in water bodies. Objective. To conduct a literature review to determine effective water treatment methods accessible to developing countries for the elimination of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Material and methods. A search was performed in SCOPUS, PubMed and Google Scholar databases using keywords, identifying 416 articles. After excluding 8 duplicates, 207 restricted-access publications and 180 that did not fulfil the inclusion criteria, 21 articles were selected. Only English-language papers from the period 2020-2025 were analyzed. Results. The literature analysis identified several effective methods for the removal of bacteria and resistance genes from wastewater: ozonation, chlorination, application of lytic bacteriophages, ZnO or CuO nanoparticles and the use of ionizing radiation. Studies show that the most effective are ozonation, UV radiation and bacteriophages, with an efficiency between 83.6-99.1%. However, chlorination and ozonation can pollute the environment with toxic by-products. The cost-effectiveness evaluation showed that in developing countries, chlorination and bacteriophages remain the most affordable methods, as reported in 61.1% of the articles analyzed. Conclusion. Combating antimicrobial resistance requires a One Health approach that addresses human health and environmental protection. Bacteriophages, due to their high efficiency of 99.1% and absence of toxic by-products, are a viable and affordable solution for developing countries.