Pneumonia caused by parasitic agents in immunocompromised host

Abstract

Background. Pneumonia continues to be a major global source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to bacterial, viral and fungal etiologies, parasite agents also contribute to the pneumonia burden within those immunocompromised (HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients, and chemotherapy patients). Objective of the study. To review scientific literature on the prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment of parasite-induced pneumonia in immunocompromised host. Material and methods. Using databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus, a thorough literature search was carried out with an emphasis on studies published between 2000 and 2023. The selection of studies was done on the basis of clinical data on immunocompromised populations, quality, and relevance. Results. Numerous parasitic agents, including Toxoplasma gondii, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Cryptosporidium species, have been found to be the cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised persons. Pulmonary manifestations include interstitial pneumonia, lobar pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, or necrotizing pneumonia. Immunocompromised hosts that develop pneumonia from parasite agents face a complicated clinical challenge that calls for a high level of clinical suspicion, quick diagnostic testing, and targeted treatment measures. Conclusions. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to improve results since clinical presentation varies and diagnostic challenges arise. It is necessary to conduct further research to create better diagnostic instruments and treatment plans for treating parasite-induced pneumonias in immunocompromised patients.