Scaphoid fractures: classification, diagnosis, treatment

Abstract

Background. The most frequent type of carpal bone fracture is a scaphoid fracture, which typically affects young men, though during the past ten years, more women have been affected as well. Of all carpal fractures, 82-89% concern scaphoid fractures. Material and methods: The research involves the synthesis of data from international literature. Result: A scaphoid fracture, also known as a navicular fracture, is a break in one of the carpal bones. Scaphoid fracture is classified into a. Herbert classification b. MAYO classification c. Russe classification. Symptoms of fracture are pain, swelling, tenderness, decreased range of motion, bruising, weakness. Clinical manifestation of scaphoid fracture mainly includes wrist and thumb pain, swelling near the thumb’s base, wrist pain that occurs with movement. The pain will start within days. Complications of fracture can be nonunion; avascular necrosis; scapholunate dissociation; delayed union. Diagnosis include conventional radiography, computed tomography (CT scans), magnetic resonance imaging, bone scintigraphy, and sonograms. Stable scaphoid fractures are treated conservatively with plaster cast immobilization or another type of orthosis for four to twelve weeks. Surgical treatment can be: 1. Screw Fixation treatment includes inserting a screw directly into the scaphoid bone, which helps to keep it in place until it heals. 2. Scaphoid Debridement is a procedure that involves making an incision in the wrist where the bone fracture and non-union are present. 3. Bone Graft - This treatment will involve inserting bone tissue from your body into the scaphoid fracture. This procedure promotes bone surface union and repairs the injury. Conclusion: Even though a scaphoid fracture looks small, if it is not treated correctly and quickly, it can have serious consequences. Because of its location and blood flow, problems including avascular necrosis and nonunion may occur, and healing may be sluggish. Depending on the form and displacement of the fracture, prompt diagnosis using imaging methods such as MRI or CT scans is essential, followed by the proper immobilization or surgical intervention. Following up with treatment and receiving rehabilitation are essential for a full recovery and to avoid long-term issues.