Hygienic research in assessing risk factors for non-communicable diseases

Abstract

Introduction The identification and characterization of disease-specific risk factors represent a fundamental priority in modern public health. Understanding how determinants influence the occurrence and progression of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) enables the development of evidence-based prevention strategies. Aim of the study To synthesize hygienic research in order to identify and characterize modifiable environmental, behavioral, occupational, and nutritional risk factors associated with the development and prevalence of noncommunicable diseases. Material and methods The study is based on a long-term observational epidemiological research framework conducted since 2000 at the Hygiene Department of Nicolae Testemitanu SUMPh. The methodology follows the principles of environmental medicine, examining environmental, behavioral, occupational, and nutritional factors as determinants of population health and specific NCDs. This work does not represent a single primary dataset but provides an integrative synthesis of accumulated evidence to identify consistent risk factorsdisease relationships and support preventive public health strategies. Results The synthesis of long-term hygienic and epidemiological investigations demonstrates consistent associations between environmental, behavioral, occupational, and nutritional factors and the prevalence of major NCDs in the Republic of Moldova. Drinking water composition was associated with urinary lithiasis and general morbidity, including musculoskeletal conditions such as osteoarthritis. Populations in environmentally vulnerable areas, including those along the Prut River, showed higher disease burden linked to environmental exposures. Air pollution and heavy metals (lead, mercury) were associated with increased respiratory, cardiovascular, and allergic diseases across population groups. In children and adolescents, school environmental conditions and behavioral factors, including prolonged computer use, were linked to chronic respiratory and functional disorders. Nutritional studies identified micronutrient deficiencies, particularly iron and folic acid, as contributors to impaired health status. Occupational and radiation hygiene studies further demonstrated associations between workplace and environmental exposures and morbidity patterns. Overall, the findings indicate that a substantial proportion of NCDs is associated with modifiable risk factors. Conclusion Long-term observational evidence confirms the significant role of modifiable environmental and lifestyle-related risk factors in the burden of NCDs. Comprehensive assessment of these determinants is essential for effective prevention. Strengthening integrated public health strategies and interdisciplinary collaboration is critical for reducing NCD prevalence and improving population health outcomes.