Evaluation of sunscreen use among young adults as a primary preventive measure against UV-induced skin damage

Abstract

Introduction Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the main environmental risk factors for skin photoaging, pigmentation changes, and the development of skin cancers. Sunscreens are widely recommended as a primary preventive measure against UVrelated skin damage. However, correct and consistent use is not always observed, especially among young adults. Inadequate awareness regarding proper sunscreen application and underestimation of long-term UV exposure risks may contribute to harmful sun-related behaviors and increased vulnerability to skin disorders. Furthermore, increasing levels of UV radiation associated with climate change and ozone layer depletion emphasize the growing importance of effective sun-protection practices as a public health priority. Aim of the study To evaluate sunscreen, use as a preventive measure against skin damage and to assess awareness and real-life application practices among young adults. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between November and December 2025 among 101 students aged 18-24 years from different universities in Armenia, using convenience sampling. Participants were recruited on a voluntary basis and completed an anonymous structured questionnaire. The survey assessed the frequency and seasonality of sunscreen use, knowledge about SPF and the UV index, and adherence to recommended application guidelines. Results Among the participants, 72.3% were female. Overall, 64.4% reported using sunscreen products. Sunscreen use was mainly seasonal: 94 participants used it during summer, of whom 23 also used it in winter, 38 in spring, and 34 in autumn. For daily use, 50 participants preferred SPF 30 or SPF 50 products. Only 61% correctly reapplied sunscreen every two hours, and 48.5% knew that sunscreen should be applied at least 20 minutes before sun exposure. Regarding UV index awareness, 69.3% did not monitor it, 12.9% were unfamiliar with the concept, and only 17.8% reported following it. Although 95% recognized that sunscreen reduces the risk of skin cancer, proper and consistent application practices were limited. Conclusion The findings show that general awareness about the protective role of sunscreens is relatively high among young adults; however, this awareness does not fully translate into correct and regular use. Seasonal application patterns, limited attention to the UV index, and incomplete adherence to guidelines indicate the need for stronger educational efforts. Promoting correct and year-round sunscreen use is important for effective primary prevention of UV-related skin damage and skin cancer.