Morbidity of healthcare workers professionally exposed to ionizing radiation – comparative analysis

Abstract

Introduction Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) is a recognized risk factor for the health of medical personnel involved in radiology, interventional imaging, and nuclear medicine. Although annual doses are generally kept below regulatory limits, international literature indicates possible cumulative effects of chronic exposure to low doses, including an increased risk of hematological disorders, cataracts, and certain neoplastic pathologies. International evidence indicates associations between prolonged occupational exposure and malignant hematological disorders, cataracts, and possible immune system disorders. Morbidity assessment is an essential indicator in assessing the impact of occupational exposure on health. Aim of the study To assess the overall morbidity and temporary incapacity for work among healthcare workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation, compared to unexposed staff. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, covering medical personnel from public medical institutions in the Republic of Moldova with at least one year of work experience. Data from individual medical records and medical surveillance registers of workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation and a control group comparable in terms of age and sex were analyzed. The indicators evaluated included general morbidity, the nosological structure of diseases, and the frequency of temporary incapacity for work. The statistical analysis included descriptive methods and comparative tests (χ², p<0.05). Results For most exposed workers, effective annual doses did not exceed 1 mSv, in accordance with national regulations. However, compared to the control group, there was a tendency toward increased overall morbidity and an average number of cases of temporary incapacity for work among exposed personnel. The structure of the conditions was dominated by chronic noncommunicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular pathologies, metabolic disorders, and eye conditions. No significant differences were identified in the incidence of severe acute diseases; however, the frequency of minor hematological disorders was higher in the exposed group. These findings are consistent with data reported in international studies on the cumulative effects of chronic exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation on the health of medical staff. Conclusion Chronic occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, even when dosimetric limits are respected, may be associated with a slight increase in overall morbidity and temporary incapacity for work. The results support the need for continuous and integrated medical surveillance, as well as the strengthening of radiological protection measures to reduce long-term occupational risk.