Risk factors evaluation in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Abstract

Introduction: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are a major health problem and account for a large proportion of the total number of hospitalizations all over the world. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidemia, increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD). Primary prevention studies have shown that the early detection and aggressive treatment of risk factors prevent cardiovascular events. The objective of our study is to investigate the risk factors and angiographic features of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients who underwent coronary angiography in the emergency room. Material and Methods: We studied 151 patients with a diagnosis of ACS and significant CAD (with stenosis ≥50%, as shown on angiography) admitted to the emergency room of Institute of Cardiology in the last quarter of 2015. Data collection was performed using medical records including following variables: sex, age, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, coronary angiography. Results: A total of 151 patients were studied having mean age of 62,5 years ± 9,13 years, of which 74,83% were men. ST-elevation myocardial infarction was present in 26,49% of patients, non- ST-elevation myocardial infarction – in 6,62% and unstable angina – in 66,89%. The most frequent risk factor was hypertension, which was present in 83,44% of patients, followed by dyslipidemia (80,79%), obesity (34,44%) and diabetes (29,14%). These risk factors were more prevalent in both men andwomen, whereas smoking was present as a risk factor only in men – 18,58%. We identified at least one risk factor in 98,01% of all patients, two or three risk factors – in 66,89%, and four or five risk factors – in 15.89% of patients. The lipid profile analysis revealed that the most frequent type of dyslipidemia Associated with CAD was high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (55.78% of cases). Singlevessel disease in coronary angiography occurred in 25,17% of all patients, two-vessel lesions – in 15,89%, and triple-vessel lesions – in 89 (58,94%) patients. Conclusions:We found at least one conventional risk factor in 98.01% of patients with ACS and significant CAD. The most frequent risk factors were hypertension and dyslipidemia in both men and women. The lipid profile analysis revealed that more than half of cases had high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Triple-vessel disease in coronary anfiography occurred in 58,94% of total number of patients.