Humoral immunity serves as an important arm of the immune response against viral infections and plays a crucial role in protection and clearance of hepatitis B virus from hepatocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate ...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become increasingly recognized as a public health problem around the word, which has become endemic in the industrialized countries. The etiology of NAFLD remains unknown, but ...

Interferon-alpha (IFNα) is the cornerstone therapeutic agent for chronic hepatitis infection. A major and common adverse effect of this treatment is the development of thyroid disease during therapy. The prevalence of ...

Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) is a large-vessel vasculitis of unknown etiology that has a predilection for the aorta and its primary branches. Sustained inflammation of involved vessels leads most often to stenotic or occlusive ...

Hypogonadism and feminization are well recognized complications of cirrhosis of alcoholic origin. At the same time, recent studies have confirmed that hypogonadism may be, however, extrahepatic manifestations of non-alcoholic ...

The evolutionary peculiarities of Crohn’s disease (CD) are not well known and diagnostic and treatment remains a challenge. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding is a relatively rare complication of CD. Considering this a ...

Association of ulcerative colitis and chronic viral hepatitis C raises difficult therapeutic problem. Treatment with corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and biotherapy can lead to rapid progression of chronic viral hepatitis. ...

Aim: to identify risk factors of frequently relapsing course of ulcerative colitis. In the prospective cohort study the evolution of ulcerative colitis within 5 years was investigated in 306 patients with endoscopically ...

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is becoming recognized as a clinical entity with a variety of presentations distinct from those of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Damage to laryngeal mucosa may be the result of reflux of ...