Prostate cancer. Genetics, diagnostics, treatment and prevention

Abstract

Introduction: The cancer of prostate continues to be a pathology of unknown etiology and the second leading cause of cancer death. It’s a major issue among men after 60 years old. Genetics is investigating many additional genes that may play a role in prostate disease risk. Many genetic studies showed that diagnosis and treatment need a much more intelligent approach. Identifying genetic variants may help researchers find the most effective ways to treat or prevent diseases such as prostate cancer on early-stage. Also, the genetics is able to answer for the mechanisms through which cancer genes stimulate cell birth or inhibit cell death.

Materials and methods: The research is based on contemporary bibliographic and scientific information, including more than 40 literatures in Romanian, English and Russian languages. At the same time studies were based on 184 cases of hospitalized men in “Oncological Institute”, during 2013- 2014 years. All of them were diagnosticated with prostate cancer.

Discussion results: Literature review revealed many genes with a potential influence in tumorigenesis, like gene PTEN or BRCA1, BRCA2. According to 184 clinical cases, in consideration were taken the patient’s age and his PSA level. All results were represented into two tables and two diagrams (for the year 2013 and year 2014). The common fact of both years is that the higher number of patients can be seen in column of 61-80 years, with PSA 10, 1-30 ng/ml. The unique and most young patient was 48 years old man with PSA more than 100 ng/ml. This fact reveals the considerable role of age, which is concerned, in human tumorigenesis. One of the main tasks is to establish principles for monitoring men with a high risk for this tumor and to create a screening test for early discovering. Analysing 184 cases with such diagnostics, we can convince that there is a correlation between age and PSA level. Also, it is known that persons, with sick father or brother, have higher risk to inherit the prostate cancer. It is important to specify that African American are more predispose to develop this disease. The risk increases with diet riched in saturated fat.

Conclusion: Prostate cancer needs an interdisciplinary approach. So, near urology and oncology, a significant part belongs to genetics. Genetic’s goal is to prevent cancer using 4K score, that is more informative than PSA test and to elaborate an efficient method of treating, like gene therapy. Another important observation showed that disease prevails among men after 60 years old and more rarely is found among men with 50 and less years old. It means that age is one of the risk factors, which should be examined among men, as well as other factors like human race, family history or diet.