Precision psychiatry: biomarkers, neuroimaging and artificial intelligence in the personalized treatment of psychiatric disorders

Abstract

Precision psychiatry is an emerging field of medicine that considers individual variability in genetics, environment and lifestyle aiming to personalize treatment by integrating genetic biomarkers, neuroimaging data and artificial intelligence to enhance treatment efficacy and minimize adverse effects. A systematic review of international literature published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted, including 52 clinical studies and meta-analyses, with over 15,000 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders. Evidence indicates that precision psychiatry enhances treatment outcomes via biomarker-based approaches. In major depression, combining genetic and neuroimaging data raised response rates from 40% to 65%. In bipolar disorder, relapse prediction reached 72% accuracy, with a 30% drop in relapse rates. In anxiety disorders, a blood-based genetic test showed 78% sensitivity and 82% specificity. In schizophrenia, artificial intelligence predicted treatment response with 85% accuracy and reduced time to improvement from 12 to 8 weeks. Current data support the effectiveness of precision psychiatry in optimizing treatment for major psychiatric disorders, contributing to safer and more effective interventions, yet further research, validation and standardization are required.