Abstract:
Background. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major global health challenge, with
recent epidemiological studies demonstrating increasing prevalence worldwide. This
review synthesizes current evidence on CKD risk factors based on literature published
within the last decade.
Objective(s). Analyze CKD risk factors to enhance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Review 2020-2024 data on modifiable risks and innovative therapies to optimize clinical
guidelines.
Materials and methods. We used the PubMed database and conducted a literature search
over the past 10 years. From the results, we selected some better the most relevant studies,
analyzed them, and obtained the following.
Results. The KDIGO 2023 guidelines highlight diabetes and hypertension as leading causes
of CKD responsible for 60–70% of global cases. Obesity (BMI ≥30) increases CKD risk by
23% (OR 1.23) and emerging therapies like SGLT2 inhibitors show significant
nephroprotective effects, slowing progression and reducing albuminuria. Chronic exposure
to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with faster kidney function decline with
eGFR decreasing by -1.87 mL/min/year. Additionally recent studies indicate that COVID-19
may accelerate CKD progression (HR 1.35) possibly due to direct viral injury inflammation
and long-term renal sequelae.
Conclusion(s). Contemporary studies emphasize the urgent need for broader CKD
screening and tailored prevention. Addressing both traditional and emerging risks like
obesity, air pollution, and post-COVID effects require personalized, multidisciplinary, and
proactive healthcare strategies.
