The molecular substrate of the human species: differencies between male and female sex

Abstract

Introduction. Delegates of the same species – Homo Sapiens, males and females present strong contrasts which concern cognition, passions, goals and lifestyle. These differences are beyond the two completely unsimilar reproductive systems, term well-known in science as sexual dymorphism. The aim of study is to evidentiate the variations between the two sexes, which automatically translate into distinct behavioral patterns. Materials and Methods. The current study reveals the analysis and synthesis of articles published in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, uncovering the molecular, anatomical and neurophysiological substrates that divide the human species into two groupes – male and female sex. Results. On a cell level, the X chromosome genes offer females immune advantages, elevated stress resistance and angiogenic capacity. Their cardiomyocytes have a greater regenerative capacity, which explains the lower ratio of cardiovascular diseases for women. The single bone structure that makes a significant difference between sexes constitues the pelvis, evolutionarily more voluminous for females, in order to satisfy birth demands. The other bones follow the principle „the bigger the body, the larger the structures”, typical of masculine sex. Males’ brain is 8-15% more massive, followed by greater dimensions for the majority of neural parts. They also possess a greater amygdala, which leads to impulsivity in actions and the tendacy to attack. Due to its effects on the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex, the testosteron is also responsible for social dominance, agression and for risk-taking behavior. Mens’ steroid hormone has an anabolic effect on scheletic muscles, binding to specific androgen receptors, resulting in massive protein synthesis and a great number of myofibrils nuclei. Therefore, males appear stronger, conceived to fight, gain food and protect dear ones. Women show a larger lymbic cortex, suggesting a deeper sense for emotions. Higher quantity of adipose tissue, especially in the femuro-gluteal regions, assures survival in lack of energy, as a benefit for reproduction. Conclusion. The way they had been designed – males and females represent two distinct individualities, from an molecular, anatomical, physiological and neuropsychological view. Owing to this fact, despite the struggle for gender equality, these two can never be totally similar, although they are entities intended to coexist harmoniously and to complete reciprocal.