Abstract:
Introduction
Population ageing represents one of the most significant
structural transformations of the population in the Republic
of Moldova and an important determinant of public health.
The principle of active ageing is reflected in national
programs and policies, including the National Health
Strategy "Health 2030" and the National Program on Active
and Healthy Ageing for 2023-2027.
Aim of the study
To analyse the evolution of the population ageing process in
the Republic of Moldova since the late 1950s, its
differentiation across socio-demographic characteristics,
and the main factors contributing to its development.
Material and methods
The study is based on population census data conducted in
the Republic of Moldova during the Soviet period (1959,
1971, 1979, 1989) and the period of independence (2004,
2014, 2024). Several indicators of population ageing,
including median age, ageing coefficient and dependency
ratio, were calculated by sex, place of residence (urban/
rural) and region. The main demographic determinants of
ageing – fertility, mortality and migration – were analysed using total fertility rates, abridged life tables and net
migration rates.
Results
In 2024 compared with 1959, the proportion of the
population aged 60 years and over increased from 7.7% to
25.7%, while the proportion of children aged 0-14 years
decreased from 33.4% to 19.2%. The median age rose from
24.7 years in 1959 to 29.4 years in 1989, 35.8 years in 2014
and 41.4 years in 2024. The ageing process was more
pronounced among females and in rural areas. Regionally,
the northern part of the country was more affected by ageing
than other regions. The sex ratio among older persons
increased moderately (from 58.1 in 1959 to 66.1 in 2024),
reflecting persistently higher mortality among older males.
Fertility decline and negative net migration remain the main
drivers of population ageing, particularly in rural areas and
the central region. Improvements in life expectancy
contributed to ageing to a lesser extent and were mainly
observed in the northern region and the municipality of
Chisinau.
Conclusion
Population ageing in the Republic of Moldova has
accelerated significantly over the past six decades, with
marked territorial and gender disparities. The process is
primarily driven by sustained low fertility and intensive
emigration, while gains in life expectancy play a secondary
role. These trends highlight the need to strengthen policies
promoting active and healthy ageing, reduce regional
inequalities and adapt the health and social care systems to
the growing proportion of older persons.
