Background. Osteoporosis in men is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated, although it has a major clinical impact, with severe fractures and increased mortality. The etiology is often secondary, and hormonal deficiency ...

Background. Axial spondylitis (AxSpA) - chronic inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton, often associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). With an estimated prevalence of 1.5-2%, both share similar immunological ...

Background. Medical triage is a critical component in the efficient functioning of the Emergency Department (ED), allowing for the rapid assessment and classification of patients based on the severity of their clinical ...

Background. Patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses require strict and continuous oral anticoagulation to effectively prevent thromboembolic complications. Subtherapeutic INR levels increase the risk of intracardiac ...

Background. Nanoparticles (NPs) could have different sizes, shapes, physico-chemical properties, and lastly but not least molecular composition, and complexity. There are known organic, and inorganic NPs, both have their ...

Background. Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are the most common congenital heart diseases in adults. Patients with ASDs frequently remain undiagnosed until their 5th decade due to their asymptomatic state or indolent symptoms. ...

Background. Cardiorenal-metabolic syndrome is the description of the health disorder attributable to the interconnection between obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases (CHD, AF, stroke, ...

Background. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is caused by genetic defects in sarcomeric proteins, with autosomal dominant inheritance. The estimated prevalence is 1:500 cases. It may remain undiagnosed for a long time, ...

Background. Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) accounts for 5-10% of myocardial infarctions and it is more common in women and younger people. MINOCA has a heterogeneous etiology, but ...

Structure of the thesis. The thesis comprises 146 pages and consists of an introduction, 6 chapters, discussions, general conclusions, recommendations, and a bibliography citing 139 sources. The iconographic material ...