Structural lesions of the umbilical cord and their outcomes

Abstract

Introduction. The umbilical cord (UC) plays a crucial role in fetal health and development, which provides communication between the placenta and the fetus allows gas and nutrient exchange. This unique lifeline needs optimal protection which is provided by Wharton’s jelly, amniotic fluid, helical patterns and coiling of the umbilical vessels. It has been suggested that diameter of the umbilical cord is determined by the water content of Wharton’s jelly. The lean UC is a structural abnormality, characterised by reduced or completely absent Whartonʼs jelly. Its three blood vessels pass along the length of the cord in a coiled or helical fashion (spiral course). The coiled umbilical cord perhaps of its elastic properties, is able to resist external forces that might compromise the umbilical vascular flow. Thus, cord abnormalities related to morphology, coiling, number of vessels, diameter, and blood flow pattern can contribute to perinatal complications.