Abstract:
Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition affecting over 1% of the
global population, characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression. Traditional
pharmacological treatments, such as lithium, valproate, and lamotrigine, remain the cornerstone of BD
management; however, many patients experience treatment resistance and long-term adverse effects.
With emerging advances in regenerative medicine, cell-based therapies, including stem cell
transplantation, are being explored as potential interventions for neuropsychiatric disorders, offering a
new direction in BD treatment.
Materials and Methods: Recent studies using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from
BD patients have enabled the creation of neural organoids that replicate disease-specific molecular and
structural abnormalities. Functional and transcriptomic analyses have highlighted neuroinflammatory
dysregulation, particularly involving interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as alterations in neuronal plasticity
pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Additionally, research into microRNA expression
patterns suggests potential biomarkers for predicting lithium responsiveness. Experimental approaches
have also investigated the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and exosome-based therapies
in modulating neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal regeneration.
Results: Preclinical studies indicate that stem cell transplantation may enhance neuroplasticity, restore
synaptic function, and regulate immune responses, potentially targeting the underlying
pathophysiological mechanisms of BD. Preliminary findings suggest that MSCs and neural progenitor
cells exert neuroprotective effects through paracrine signaling, anti-inflammatory properties, and
trophic support. Additionally, exosome-based therapies derived from stem cells have shown promise
in delivering neurotrophic factors and modulating gene expression, opening avenues for personalized,
cell-based interventions in BD.
Conclusion: The transition from conventional pharmacotherapy to regenerative medicine represents a
paradigm shift in BD treatment. While pharmacological interventions remain essential, stem cell-based
therapies offer the potential for long-term neuroprotection and disease modification. Further clinical
trials are needed to establish the safety, efficacy, and optimal administration protocols for stem cell
transplantation in BD. As research advances, integrating regenerative medicine with existing
psychiatric treatments may lead to more effective, personalized therapeutic strategies for patients with
BD.
