The role of pericytes in modulating ophthalmic diseases: a review of current insights and therapeutic perspectives

Abstract

Introduction. Pericytes have an important role in preserving the blood vessels in the retina by keeping them stable and ensuring proper functioning of the endothelial cells. Meanwhile they also preserve the integrity of the blood retina barrier. Their impaired function is increasingly identified as a factor in eye pathologies like diabetic retinopathy (DR), age related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). The aim of the study was to identify the significance of pericyte dysfunction related issues in eye conditions, focusing on oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation along with further analysis of the potential treatment options. Materials and methods. A systematic review of 20 peer-reviewed articles was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015–2024). Studies on pericyte dysfunction in DR, AMD, and RVO, particularly those related to OS, inflammation, and therapeutic interventions in both human and animal models, were included. Articles lacking direct relevance to pericyte pathology were excluded. Results. Research indicates that the decline and dysfunction of pericytes play a role in destabilizing the blood vessels in the retina, which can result in the loss of capillaries and breakdown of the blood retina barrier along with impaired neurovascular function. The process of pericyte cell death is worsened by the OS and prolonged inflammation which leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and malfunction of mitochondria as significant indicators of disease progression. Approaches focusing on activating Nrf2 for defense mechanisms while safeguarding the mitochondria and moderating inflammatory responses, hold potential for maintaining pericyte health and reinstating balance, in vascular function. Conclusion. Pericytes play a significant role in retinal vascular diseases and addressing their dysfunction could offer in the future innovative treatment options for coping with ophthalmic complications. Further researches should center on creating precise treatments that strengthen pericyte endurance, reduce oxidative stress and enhance patient outcomes in cases of sight threatening conditions.