Abstract:
Introduction. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, characterized by
progressive optic neuropathy and retinal ganglion cell loss, often associated with elevated intraocular
pressure. Experimental animal models are essential for understanding disease mechanisms and
evaluating novel therapeutic strategies. This study aims to review and systematize the principal
methods used to induce glaucoma in animal models.
Materials and Methods. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using major biomedical
databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant studies describing
experimentally induced glaucoma in animals were selected and analyzed. Methods were classified
based on the mechanism of intraocular pressure elevation and anatomical or functional alterations. No
statistical analysis was applied, as this study is descriptive in nature.
Results. Several experimental techniques for inducing glaucoma were identified. The most commonly
used methods include laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork, episcleral vein cauterization,
microbead or viscoelastic injection into the anterior chamber, and genetic manipulation in transgenic
models. Laser-based models allow controlled and reproducible intraocular pressure elevation but
require specialized equipment. Episcleral vein occlusion produces sustained pressure increase, though
variability may occur. Microbead injection is minimally invasive and widely used due to its
reproducibility and adaptability. Genetic models provide insight into molecular mechanisms but may
not fully replicate acquired glaucoma. Each model presents specific advantages and limitations
depending on the research objective.
Conclusions. Animal models of glaucoma are indispensable tools in ophthalmological research,
enabling the investigation of pathophysiological processes and therapeutic interventions. The selection
of an appropriate induction method should be guided by the study’s aims, reproducibility requirements,
and available resources. Future research should focus on refining models to better mimic human
glaucoma and improve translational applicability.
