Methods for inducing glaucoma in animal models: experimental approaches and research applications

Abstract

Introduction. Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, characterized by progressive optic neuropathy and retinal ganglion cell loss, often associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Experimental animal models are essential for understanding disease mechanisms and evaluating novel therapeutic strategies. This study aims to review and systematize the principal methods used to induce glaucoma in animal models. Materials and Methods. A narrative review of the literature was conducted using major biomedical databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Relevant studies describing experimentally induced glaucoma in animals were selected and analyzed. Methods were classified based on the mechanism of intraocular pressure elevation and anatomical or functional alterations. No statistical analysis was applied, as this study is descriptive in nature. Results. Several experimental techniques for inducing glaucoma were identified. The most commonly used methods include laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork, episcleral vein cauterization, microbead or viscoelastic injection into the anterior chamber, and genetic manipulation in transgenic models. Laser-based models allow controlled and reproducible intraocular pressure elevation but require specialized equipment. Episcleral vein occlusion produces sustained pressure increase, though variability may occur. Microbead injection is minimally invasive and widely used due to its reproducibility and adaptability. Genetic models provide insight into molecular mechanisms but may not fully replicate acquired glaucoma. Each model presents specific advantages and limitations depending on the research objective. Conclusions. Animal models of glaucoma are indispensable tools in ophthalmological research, enabling the investigation of pathophysiological processes and therapeutic interventions. The selection of an appropriate induction method should be guided by the study’s aims, reproducibility requirements, and available resources. Future research should focus on refining models to better mimic human glaucoma and improve translational applicability.