Abstract:
Introduction. Stem cells are pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into various specialized cell
types, making them a promising tool in regenerative dentistry. Their potential to regenerate different
parts of the teeth, such as pulp, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, presents a biological
alternative to traditional dental treatments.
Materials and Methods. This paper is based on a literature review of regenerative medicine. We used
Google Scholar, PubMed, and other relevant databases to identify relevant documents about the
reconstruction of the teeth using stem cells. Out of 47 articles were selected 20 published within the
last 10 years.
Results. Stem cells used in regenerative dentistry include dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), periodontal
ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). These cells
are isolated via enzymatic digestion of dental tissues and cultured in specific media containing growth
factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) for expansion. To
induce differentiation, DPSCs are cultured in mineralizing media for odontogenesis, while PDLSCs
are treated with factors like transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) to stimulate periodontal
regeneration. Biomaterial scaffolds, such as hydroxyapatite and collagen, are used to support cell
attachment and tissue formation. Animal models, including rodents and large mammals, are employed
to test the regenerative potential of stem cells in vivo, using histological analysis and molecular assays
to assess tissue integration, differentiation, and marker expression.
Preclinical studies have demonstrated the successful regeneration of dental tissues. DPSCs have been
shown to differentiate into odontoblast-like cells and form dentin-like structures, facilitating pulp
regeneration. PDLSCs have been used to regenerate periodontal tissues, including alveolar bone and
ligament fibers when combined with scaffolds. Early clinical trials also indicate favorable outcomes
in periodontal regeneration, with improved tissue healing and function.
Conclusion. Stem cell-based therapies in regenerative dentistry hold significant potential for tissue
restoration, providing a biological solution for dental tissue loss. While preclinical results are
promising, further refinement of cell differentiation protocols, scaffold design, and clinical trials is
necessary to establish standardized and effective therapies for broader clinical use.